Browser fingerprinting

FingerprintJS

FingerprintJS is a browser fingerprinting library that queries browser attributes and computes a hashed visitor identifier from them.

MaxMind

MaxMind is a provider of geolocation and online fraud detection tools.

ThreatMetrix

LexisNexis ThreatMetrix is an enterprise solution for online risk and fraud protection ('digital identity intelligence and digital authentication').

TruValidate

TransUnion TruValidate (previously ReputationShield/IDVision from iovation) is an online risk and fraud detection platform.

ClientJS

ClientJS is a JavaScript library for generating browser fingerprints, exposing all the browser data-points.